MBA course reflection - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1570 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? What are the key points for chapter 1.1? The five things that every manager should have are Fealty, charity, prudence, accountability, and Equity. How the global economy effects on executives’ ethical standards. Some of the big companies violate the right of employees. Lack of trust because of the negative ethical standards rate, threat the capitalism. Five advices for an MBA student â€Å"assuming†. What did I learn? I learned that, managers should embrace the responsibilities of stewardship by the following: Viewing the talents and treasure anyone’s command as a trust rather than as the means for personal aim. Be able to put the concerns of teamwork before my own. Being responsible to secure the organization’s future. Sense of responsibility towards any problems in the organization. Always be sure that all the financial and moral rewards are taken by however deserves it. As citizens and consumers, we must do whatever we can to ensure that when governors or the members of the board of any company have a meeting; our issues and concerns exist in their list of dissection. If I want to improve my stewardship in my business life, the next approach shall help me with that: My company as my widowed mother, my boss as if he was my older sibling, my employees as if they were my childhood chums, my company’s primary customers as if t hey are my children, and imagine that my walking to work is because I want to, and not because I have to. How will I apply the knowledge? No matter what is my possession, I have to be a responsible steward. I will treat my employees based on how they will benefit the organization, not because of how they will benefit me. Also as I expect from my employees to put the organization’s goals before their own goals, as a leader my responsibility is to give first priority to the organizational goals than my employee’s goals, after that I can proceed to my goals. As the leader of my company, I will seek to secure my company’s future, as well as the employees’ future career with the company. I will be able to do that by reassessing my company’s SWOT analysis and figure out how to raise the company profits, and improve both employee satisfaction and customer service, so that I get where my company wants to be. That will not be enough without making an at least five-year plan, alternative plans and rescue plans. In today’s Business world, problems at work are commonly seen, whether it’s because of the company’s performance or about the employees. If it is about the company’s performance, there are many steps to solve it as I mentioned above. However, if it is because of the employee’s performance, then my first step would be to talk to the individuals concerned. Then I will try to figure out if there are any circumstances that led to the problem, or if there are tribulations that I can deal with, instead of directly starting to blame the particular employee. Justice in life is very important; thus even in business justice is needed. One of my aims is to ensure that there is no one under my management will be deprived of his/her rights. This includes rewarding them according to their works, and not according to what I want. Rewarding how one deserves will enhance the spirit of competition among the employees, plus enhances the feeling of equality at the workplace. I will be sure that my feelings as a citizen towards some ministers in my country, who discuss their interests rather than our interests, will not exist for my employees. Therefore, I believe that solving my employees’ issues would improve their work, which will benefit the company’s performance in the end. By applying the approach of Mr. Gary Hamel, I will sacrifice my time and effort for my company. I will also respect my boss because he is the leader of the ship, and he/she has both the experience and knowledge. Build a great relationship with my employees, by respect them, treat them nicely and, what is more, important is to listen to them, which will let them feel as if they are a significant partner in the organization. Moving to the primary customers, one of my plans is to provide exceptional customer service, also analyze my customer feedback and figure out my business’s weaknesses, to sum up this point I would say â€Å"putting myself in my customer’s shoes†. Finally, everyone’s potential related to his motivation, thus always I will motivate myself at the workplace as I enjoy working instead of working because I have to. What are the key points for chapter 1.2? Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "MBA course reflection" essay for you Create order Analyze the global economic crisis from a moral point of view. The housing boom caused by the following factors: Easy Money, Securitization, Insurance, Complexity, Leverage, and Illiquidity. Alchemy never would work in business. Things that cant go on forever usually dont. Risks and returns are always correlated. Stupidity is contagious. Five elements causing the banking crisis: Deceit, hubris, myopia, greed, and denial. What we expect from the government when such a crisis happened. Blind indifference to the human costs of ideological zeal. Public responsibilities abandoned for political gain. Milquetoast regulators more inclined to protect their backsides than raise an alarm. Capitalism and morality. Some negative actions have been done by companies and executives. What did I learn? There are many things that I have learnt from this chapter. I have learned that the economic crisis happened when people neglected the human and moral dimensions of economic life, not because of the banking crisis, the credit crisis, or the mortgage crisis. A good example for that is when banking leaders stole the US economy for personal goals. I learned the exact causes behind this crisis, which are Easy money, securitization, insurance, complicity, leverage, and illiquidity. Firstly, the dirt-cheap money, which encouraged U.S consumers to go with debts raising the risk of widespread mortgage, defaults. Secondly, by selling the collateralized debt obligations, to third parties, the bankers were able to move loans off their books. As a result, between 2005 and 2007, more than 85% of all U.S mortgages were securitized. Thirdly, the credit default swaps made it possible for CDO investors to protect themselves from a house collapse. Fourthly, banks make the fin ancial rules intricately, and of course they did not make it by accident. Fifth, much of leverage at that time came from loans, which are made by commercial banks. And when investments began to default their debts, banks started to call in their loans, which force investment banks and hedge funds to deleverage in down market. Then they had to sell other assets, which sent the stock market into a great abyss. Finally, in the absence of reliable pricing data, bankers had no choice but to take punishing write-downs of their mortgage-backed securities. As a result the reliable pricing data it’s too importance to avoid such crisis. I also learned that no matter how clever I am, I will not be able to predict when my loans would help me in my investment or not. Also, things don’t last forever whether it’s useful to me or not. Moreover, I had learned that risks are always linked to investments. Also the stupidity and the delinquency are contagious, a good example of this, despite the fact that bankers do know the situation, Wall Street’s scientists did not heed bankers and they go further than that to abound their responsibilities as the guardians of capitalism’s most important citadels. Moreover, I learned that there are five moral qualities that led to such crisis. The first one is Deceit; a good lesson for that: any financial instrument that is built on top of lies and misrepresentation will be flimsy at its core. The second one is Hubris; I learned what the Wall Street scientists had learned that distributing risk is not the same thing as eliminating it. The third one is Myopia; I learned from this that as I must look ahead, it’s more important to learn from the past. The fourth one is Greed; an example for this, when the mortgage originators approved all those loans without requiring a minimum income, job, or assets, show how the Wall Street bankers were greedy. The last one is Denial, which is the aspect of always bringing negative result; Indeed stupefaction is the product of denial. I learned that if I can’t find within myself a little righteous anger about the way my company fulfills its responsibilities, and then I will not be very effective in helping repair the moral fabric of capitalism. How will I apply the knowledge? Appling this knowledge in my work requires me to be more responsible for the human and moral dimensions. Also, I will always consider the risk of any debt that I was planning to get. As things don’t last forever, so I have to secure my investment by taking action when the market values continued to increase. I will never build my financial instrument on lies. Looking ahead is too important as well as looking behind to learn from the past. I should not be Greedy, and to follow the rules whatever the chance is of violating it.

Chastity in The Rape of Lucrece and A Woman Killed with...

Chastity in The Rape of Lucrece and A Woman Killed with Kindness Renaissance England has been labeled a culture of shame - a society in which an individuals identity was primarily constructed by the way in which his or her reputation or honor was perceived by others. A womans public reputation was always based on her virginity or chastity. Just as women were considered the property of their fathers or husbands, a womans chastity was an asset owned by and exchanged between the men who possessed her. (Gutierrez, 272) A mans public reputation was therefore determined not only by his own qualities, but also by his wifes reputation for chastity. Conversely, a womans unchastity was a liability to her husband. Rape and†¦show more content†¦8-18) Collatine values Lucreces chastity in very mercantile terms, making her the object of Tarquins admiration, thereby endangering her: †¦why is Collatine the publisher Of that rich jewel he should keep unknown From thievish ears because it is his own? (Ln. 33-35) This is a paradox arising from the commodification of female chastity. In order for a husbands reputation to profit from the chastity of his wife, the value of that chastity must be publicized. Yet, this very publication endangers it. (Breitenberg, 100) In this case, Collatines praise of his wifes chastity leads Tarquin to covet her and destroy her chastity, the source of her value. After she is raped, Lucrece is only unchaste in body; her mind is still chaste because she has not betrayed her husband by desiring another man: Though my gross blood be staind with this abuse, Immaculate and spotless is my mind; That was not forcd, that never was inclind To accessary yieldings, but still pure Doth in her poisond closet yet endure. (Ln. 1655-1659) Unfortunately, her physical unchastity cannot be repaired. Lucrece

Nvq Business and Admine Lv2 Unit 680 Free Essays

Improve Own Performance in a Business Environment CU681 1. 1 There are a number of guidelines and procedures in place to enable me to do my job not only to the best of my ability but in a professional manner. there are procedures that need to be followed relating to various aspects of the job including correct procedures to greet visitors, answer the telephone, dealing with incoming and outgoing mail, data protection, booking meeting rooms aswell as other procedures. We will write a custom essay sample on Nvq Business and Admine Lv2 Unit 680 or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. 2 If we plan our work we can be more efficient. We have to set priorities in order to do most important things first. If we are accountable to others for our own work we are more responsible for the work we do. 1. 3 The purpose for agreeing realistic targets for work is to keep everyone on task and focused on accomplishing a target that is obtainable and not out of reach. By doing this everyone can contribute effectively and reach targets more efficiently. 1. 4 Agreeing realistic targets should be based on your abilty to complete work and also time should be tken into account. 1. 5 To plan work to meet agreed deadlines you should first priotise what is more important and less import and set aside more time fore the more important work. . 6 Keeping other people informed about the progress of your work is important so that others know tht deadlines will be kept, if you are behind on work others can step in to help so tht targets are met . 1. 7 Lettings other people know tht work plans have been changed is important because the changes made in your work may affect other peoples work, if they haven†™t been informed this could lead to confusions and ultiemtly missing targets. 1. 8 The types of problems that may occur during your work are: – computer crashing – work not getting saved – power cuts photocopier runs out of toner – photocopier runs out paper. include 1. 9 You should try to resolve problems yourself if you are not able to do this you should inform a work colleague and ask for assistance 1. 10 The purpose and benefits of recognising and learning from mistakes are that you learn to not make these mistakes again and also recognise a a mistake much easier and faster. 2. 1 It is extremely important as a member of staff to set high standards for yourself. Your Line Manager will see you as someone who challenges themselves and you will be recognised for the right reasons. . 2 It is important to set high standards for work because it will help you to do the best you can and help you get recognised at work in a positive way. When high standards a re set, it can always be a challenge and make you want to achieve it. 2. 3 It is important to take on new challenges and adapt to changes because nothing ever stays the same, things are always changing which means unless you can adapt and change too you will be stuck doing the same things which could then make your life a lot harder than it needs to be. . 4 It is important to take on new challenges and adapt to changes because nothing ever stays the same, things are always changing which means unless you can adapt and change too you will be stuck doing the same things which could then make your life a lot harder than it needs to be. 2. 5 There are many benefits to treating others with honesty, respect and consideration. The main one is that you will build an excellent working relationship with your colleagues which will lead to efficient work. Another benefit is for your own personal wellbeing as dishonesty, disrespect and a lack of consideration for others can be stressful leading to sickness in the workplace. 2. 6 One’s behaviour is vital to the workplace because every person plays an important role in the community. One person’s negative outlook can disrupt the progress of those around that person. The workplace can immediately become a hostile environment due to the action or attitude of a single person. 2. 7 Ideal types of behaviour that display honesty, respect, and consideration are listening to others’ ideas and providing thoughtful feedback, being sensitive to the needs of others, seeking a solution that will benefit all, cooperating with co-workers, treating others fairly and with dignity, among many others. Some negative behaviour are belittling co-workers, isolating oneself from the community, ignoring the opinions of others, having a selfish attitude, seeking for self advancement while disregarding the efforts of others, and spreading false information about others are other incorrect ways of conducting oneself. How to cite Nvq Business and Admine Lv2 Unit 680, Papers

Defeat of the Treaty of Versailles free essay sample

Following the Paris of Peace Conference in 1919, President Woodrow Wilson returned to America with the Treaty of Versailles. This treaty created a League of Nations that was meant to prevent future wars and ultimately create a better world. Americans favored the idea but the treaty was never ratified and the US did not enter the League of Nations. It was President Wilsons actions and mindset that led to the defeat of the Treaty of Versailles. However, the Senate and popular opposition played a large role in the defeat as well. It was not one thing in particular that denied the treaty, but numerous issues that built up over time. While most all of the democrats supported the treaty, republicans in the Senate were divided into two groups. These were the irreconcilables, or isolationists, and the reservationists. The irreconcilables, led by William Borah, were opposed to the treaty because it would commit American to other countries which would then bring foreign entanglements. We will write a custom essay sample on Defeat of the Treaty of Versailles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They also argued that the war to prevent war, as the basic principle of the League, was a profound mistake. The reservationists, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, opposed the treaty, but agreed with the idea of the League if amendments were made to the treaty itself. In an attempt to build up opposition of the treaty, Lodge delayed it through the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, which was filled with Senators who opposed the treaty in any form. The main amendment reservationists wanted was to removed moral obligation of the US to Article X, which was practically the heart of the treaty. Both parties contributed to the downfall of the treaty as well as the growth of President Wilsons stubbornness. Wilsons inability to compromise was ultimately the true reason for the treatys failure. Most everyone in the Senate was willing to compromise, as Lodge had suggested, but Wilson stood firm. He said that if Article X were to be impaired, it would go against the purpose of the war. With no intention of any type of compromise, Wilson began to deliver speeches all across the countries. After his tour, he suffered from and massive stroke that paralyzed him. With his inability to further fight for his treaty, many important ant newspapers began to favor Lodges ideas. The Democrats who had agreed with the treaty to begin with, then started to question it. With the loss of support, the Treaty of Versailles failed. Although popular opposition in the Senate contributed to the failure of the treaty of Versailles, it was President Woodrow Wilsons actions and mindset that was the breaking point. Disagreement in the Senate was where the problem began, but they were willing to work for a compromise. Since Wilson stood his ground and did not budge on any type of change, the treaty had no chance. If he would have compromised instead of being stubborn, there may have been a different outcome. Even World War II could have possibly been avoided. The issue of the Treaty of Versailles began with popular opposition and the Senate, but it was President Wilsons mindset and actions that ultimately caused its failure.

Bathsheba Everdenes Strenghts and Weaknesses in Far from the Madding Crowd Essays

Bathsheba Everdenes Strenghts and Weaknesses in Far from the Madding Crowd Essays Bathsheba Everdenes Strenghts and Weaknesses in Far from the Madding Crowd Paper Bathsheba Everdenes Strenghts and Weaknesses in Far from the Madding Crowd Paper Bathsheba Everdene’s Strengths And Weaknesses in Far from the Madding Crowd and how most of them are shown in our first encounter with Bathsheba in the first chapter at the incident at the toll gate. Robbie Deffense 11AB In Thomas Hardy’s â€Å"Far from the Madding Crowd†, we become acquainted with the leading character, the very independent and vain Bathsheba Everdene. In this essay, I will discuss Bathsheba’s character by attempting to describe her strengths and weaknesses, and show how most of these characteristics are delivered to us on our first encounter with Bathsheba’s in the incident at the tollgate. Bathsheba Everdene is the young beauty in Hardy’s novel; she comes across as a woman with many strengths and weaknesses. We find that she does not lack beauty; this is a reason why many men desire her. Hardy uses words such as â€Å"young and attractive† and â€Å"the handsome girl† to transmit Bathsheba’s beauty. To further enforce how Hardy wants us to perceive Bathsheba, Hardy used a name from the Biblical figure who was also named Bathsheba, she too was beautiful and men fell deeply in love with her upon their first gaze. However, sometimes with such beauty comes a large amount of vanity, which is Bathsheba’s biggest weakness. We first meet Bathsheba Everdene in the incident at the tollgate. Farmer Oak sees an ornamental spring wagon coming down the incline of the field. Walking beside the wagon is a Waggoner with a whip in hand. On the wagon there are household goods and seated is the â€Å"young and attractive† Bathsheba. The Waggoner stops the wagon to tell her that the wagons tailboard has gone and she tells him to run back and get it, which he does, which already shows how much power Bathsheba has. While she waits quietly on the wagon for the Waggoner’s return, she pulls out a mirror and places it on her lap, then proceeds to â€Å"survey† herself, then smiles. And the more that she gazes upon herself the more she smiles and the more she blushes. This clearly shows the amount of vanity that Bathsheba possesses. This statement is further proved by the fact that Thomas Hardy describes the fine morning so beautifully and delicately, fully describing the awesome power of nature, but all Miss Everdene is capable of doing is admiring herself. This is a time when Hardy uses pathetic fallacy, to bring Bathsheba’s characteristic of beauty, by comparing the beauty of nature to the beauty of Bathsheba Everdene. Following this exposure of vanity, the Waggoner returns and they proceed towards the tollgate where an argument arises about the people with the wagon having to pay the tollgate keeper an extra two pence. Knowing that without paying the two pence, she will not be able to pass, Bathsheba still refuses to pay the money. This reaction shows how independent she is. Out of Farmer Oaks kind and generous heart he comes forth and pays the two pence for Bathsheba. She might have looked at Gabriel to thank him for his generosity but instead she turns to the Waggoner and tells him to drive on. This makes Bathsheba a slightly rude character that seems very unlikable and very egocentric since she wanted something done and she wanted it done her way this is a very immature act but it gives us a chance to see how she matures over the novel. But still being very immature through this action, she is still able to have power over Farmer Oak. This can be seen from two different perspectives, a good and bad . On the positive side, women in modern times would relate to Bathsheba, since they have raised their position in society; However the female readers at the time when Hardy’s novel â€Å"Far from the Madding Crowd† first came out might have been shocked, since Bathsheba character goes very much against the women of the time since she is able and determined to make choices of her own. The novel was published in 1874 and at this time women were very much under the control of men without any independence or ability to make choices for themselves, so Bathsheba Everdene could have been of big importance to the female readers, maybe even a hero. Also, the story was set before the 1870 Married Women’s Property Act, which allowed women to keep the earnings she made and not have to give it to her husband. However Bathsheba was very much in control of her land and money until she was married to Troy, therefore until that time, she represented a very strong female symbol. After Bathsheba leaves the tollgate and proceeds towards her destination, the keeper turns to Farmer Oak and says â€Å"That’s a handsome maid† which further implies how Hardy wants to show how beautiful Bathsheba is. Then Farmer Oak tells him how she also has one of the most common faults â€Å"found in most of them† (referring to women) †¦ â€Å"vanity†. Hardy is able to use such a simple word to describe her and such simplicity sticks with us and gives us a clear image of Thomas Hardy wants us to know about Bathsheba. This powerful word, which means feelings of excessive pride, ends the first chapter powerfully giving us a strong first impression of Bathsheba’s character. These are the strengths and weaknesses that Bathsheba possesses and that are shown only in her first impression in the first chapter of the novel. These characteristics are shown and proven again throughout the novel, for example the fact that she decides to take over her late uncle’s farm in Weatherbury shows that she is clearly independent and this again would’ve been interesting for both the female and male readers at the time, since this novel was showing a women being responsible over a piece of land, which wasn’t common. Also the further fact that she is very hard working and all of the things needed to be done, are done, displays that she has got a very efficient character. In addition she tries to act very confidently all the time and this is one of her weaknesses because, while she tries to act confidently she isn’t actually that confident. An example of this would be towards the end of the novel, this is when Bathsheba goes to Gabriel’s house to speak to him and she looks up to him in awe and even starts stuttering, this would also be a good example on how Bathsheba develops throughout the novel and how her character and that of Gabriel have switched throughout this novel. One of the actions that Bathsheba does that proves how her character has matured throughout the entirety of the novel and that makes us feel sorry for and further more like her as person more is the scene wherein Fanny’s dead body lays in Bathsheba’s parlour and Bathsheba has the heart to lay flowers around the body. This small action is very important since it foreshadows the replanting of the grave. Bathsheba has been kind enough to allow Fanny’s corpse stay inside her house and through this the truth about Troy and Fanny’s relationship is revealed to her. We feel pity and we feel sorry for her because her heart has just been broken and we understand how she feels. Hardy is able to bring up the theme of trust, love and betrayal and involve it in all the characters even including the dead body of Fanny Robin in just one scene. So to conclude, we can definitely say that Bathsheba Everdene is a character with many strengths but again many weaknesses her strongest being her beauty, independence and vanity and Thomas Hardy is able to bring such strong characteristics in small ways. He is able to make us have different and mixed feelings towards Bathsheba Everdene throughout the novel and makes it hard for us to decide whether she is a likeable or unlikable character in his beautifully romantic but strongly dramatic novel â€Å"Far From The Madding Crowd†.

Double Displacement Reaction Definition and Examples

Double Displacement Reaction Definition and Examples A double displacement reaction is a type of reaction where two reactants exchange ions to form two new compounds. Double displacement reactions typically result in the formation of a product that is a precipitate. Double displacement reactions take the form:AB CD → AD CB The reaction occurs most often between ionic compounds, although technically the bonds formed between the chemical species may be either ionic or covalent in nature. Acids or bases also participate in double displacement reactions. The bonds formed in the product compounds are the same type of bonds as seen in the reactant molecules. Usually, the solvent for this type of reaction is water. Alternative Terms A double displacement reaction is also known as salt metathesis reaction, double replacement reaction, exchange, or sometimes a double decomposition reaction, although that term is used when one or more of the reactants does not dissolve in the solvent. Double Displacement Reaction Examples The reaction between silver nitrate and sodium chloride  is a double displacement reaction. The silver trades its nitrite ion for the sodiums chloride ion, causing the sodium to pick up the nitrate anion.AgNO3 NaCl → AgCl NaNO3 Heres another example: BaCl2(aq) Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) 2 NaCl(aq) How To Recognize a Double Displacement Reaction The easiest way to identify a double displacement reaction is to check to see whether or not the cations exchanged anions with each other. Another clue, if the states of matter are cited, is to look for aqueous reactants and the formation of one solid product (since the reaction typically generates a precipitate). Types of Double Displacement Reactions Double displacement reactions may be classified into several categories, including counter-ion exchange, alkylation, neutralization, acid-carbonate reactions, aqueous metathesis with precipitation (precipitation reactions), and aqueous metathesis with double decomposition (double decomposition reactions). The two types most commonly encountered in chemistry classes are precipitation reactions and neutralization reactions. A precipitation reaction occurs between two aqueous ionic compounds to form a new insoluble ionic compound. Heres an example reaction, between lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide to form (soluble) potassium nitrate and (insoluble) lead iodide. Pb(NO3)2(aq) 2 KI(aq) → 2 KNO3(aq) PbI2(s) The lead iodide forms what is called the precipitate, while the solvent (water) and soluble reactants and products are termed the supernate or supernatant. Formation of a precipitate drives the reaction in a forward direction, as the product leaves the solution. Neutralization reactions are double displacement reactions between acids and bases. When the solvent is water, a neutralization reaction typically produces an ionic compounda salt. This type of reaction proceeds in the forward direction if at least one of the reactants is a strong acid or a strong base. The reaction between vinegar and baking soda in the classic baking soda volcano is an example of a neutralization reaction. This particular reaction then proceeds to release a gas (carbon dioxide), which is responsible for the fizz of the reaction. The initial neutralization reaction is: NaHCO3 CH3COOH(aq) → H2CO3 NaCH3COO Youll notice the cations exchanged anions, but the way the compounds are written, its a bit trickier to notice the anion swap. The key to identifying the reaction as double displacement is to look at the atoms of the anions and compare them on both sides of the reaction.

Libyas Tourism Industry Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Libyas Tourism Industry - Research Proposal Example The sudden increase of travel to the country from different parts of the world has resulted in enormous pressure on the natural environment. Negative impacts due to recreational activities within the country parks have occurred. Littering was one of the impacts caused by recreational activities. Refuse throughout the parks, as well heaped in rubbish bins was a common occurrence. In addition, animals' lives were also threatened by so-called ecotourism activities, which were organized by local travel agencies. Since this time, the government became aware the ecotourism market and the invaluable ecotourism resources in the country could serve as alternative attractions for visitors. The government cannot rely only on the man-made tourism infrastructure to retain the visitor number, as limited land is available for the construction of new tourism facilities. These facilities, on the contrary, may not be able to perform earn their keep because of the increasing number of visitors. Thus, m an-made infrastructures are not necessarily a cost effective way to develop tourism in the country. The present study will not only demonstrate an effective tool for ecotourism planning, but also will help in assessing and identifying potential ecotourism destinations, which conformed to eco-tourists' preferences, to facilitate ecotourism development in Libya. The assessment has provided a comprehensive understanding of the invaluable ecotourism resources within the country to identify the best suitable locations for ecotourism development. The study may be considered as a pioneer in ecotourism planning in Libya, especially in its application of ecotourism planning, which aims at filling the knowledge gap on ecotourism research. Despite the likely uncertainties and limitations, the study will offer a relatively comprehensive approach in assisting decision making for ecotourism planning. The study will also result in a better understanding of ecotourism resources, and where they are located. Comprehensive recommendations are also given to improve the approaches and strategies for t he destinations management. The understanding and recommendations contained in this report would provide essential information and advice for related departments in the government, to improve their ecotourism development strategies in the country. 3.0 Statement of the Problem The outbreak of eco-tourism passion triggered to the emerging needs for ecotourism products, as people believed that participation in outdoor activities could help to improve their health. Many travel agencies then started to package local tours in the name of ecotourism. These inappropriate tourism activities did not fit with the principles of ecotourism, but caused tremendous negative impacts to the natural environment. Many ecologically sensitive hotspots have been swarmed with visitors. This caused a far-reaching impact, which deteriorated the ecological value of the sites. Although the government has noted this issue, nothing has been done to stop and control such unhealthy development. Regulations may, therefore, be set in order to restrict humans' impact on the environment. To search for the most appropriate ecotourism planning and management approach in Libya, extensive research is needed. However, little

Church Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Church Architecture - Essay Example The early church building architecture is one of the most outstanding designs ever seen in human construction history. Churches all over the world share similar architectural designs in the interior and exterior regions. Normal church architecture always seems to be dominated by a round shape style. The basic architecture of the church includes a Nave, which is the part where worshippers stand during the service. The Pulpit is the podium on the left side of the church where the gospel is read, and the Nathex am outside part of the church that serves as an entry to the Nave. The church is characterized by wooden seats arranged in from the front. The interior design of the churches includes minimum three entries, a high ceiling and large decorated windows (Campbell, 2004). The exterior of the church is mainly raised roof, with a cross at the top. Early churches have the exterior decorated with statues of angels. The exterior design of churches is large and spacious just as the interior and constructed using strong stone blocks. Apart from this the doors were made of wood and locked by interlocking strong metal pieces. The main material used in construction of early churches was a huge stone blocks, clay bricks wooden beams, timber and bricks. The roofing was mainly made clay tiles (Ward-Perkins, 1994). Islam can be traced as far as Christianity and its architecture is unique and attractive. Mosques have interior is spaced just like in a church, but it has no seats. Since Muslims worship while kneeling down, the floor of a mosque need to a furnished material such as a carpet. The interior architecture f a mosque boasts of beautiful decoration mostly of handmade tiles (Haog, 1991). Islamic interior architecture also includes arches and domes giving the most spacious view from the inside. The domes are decorated with glass to allow sunlight; this ensures the spacious interior of a Mosque is nicely light. The decorations include verses of Quran, patterns of different shapes in different colors and many windows some of which are blind. The most important part of the mosque is the Mihrab to the right of the Mihrab is the Minber or pulpit. This is where the Imam stands when giving the sermon. The exterior architecture of the Mosque has a minaret, a raise tower like structure shaped like a pencil which mainly is used to call worshipers to the morning player. The Mosque is made of Marble carvings, wood, plaster, stone, glass for windows and handmade ceramic tiles decorating both the interior and the exterior (Ward-Perkins, 1994). The gothic buildings were mainly made up of stone, and emphasized on strong buttressed walls, minimal wall space, highly vaulted ceiling and vertical lines. The roof of the Gothic building was quiet heavy and architectures had to consider the possibility of a collapse. To prevent this from happening they developed buttresses. These exterior structures ensured that the walls and pillars could support the heavy roof by distri buting weight evenly enabling them to resist the outward pressure of the roof. The Gothic building exterior also comprised of a tower forming part of entry to the Nave. The towers had a large window in the entry side to ensure that the inside of the building is well lit. The interior of the gothic building almost resembled the church, it had large stained glass windows, wooden seats, a nave, pulpit and an altar. The interior decoration mainly comprised of stone carvings and coloured windows. Gothic architects appreciated geometry therefore the stones used in construction of gothic buildings were specifically cut to fitting. Other than this metal, glass and wood comprised the main materials used on construction of the buildings (Draper, 2006). The renaissance period architecture emphasizes on geometry, proportionality, symmetry and regularity of parts. The columns, plaster, and lintels were arranged orderly and the architects utilized the use of dome, niches and aedicule’

Communication journal Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication journal - Article Example The leader is also important in ensuring that that communication within the group is effective – that there are no elements of dictation from them or other group members. The leader also serves the important role of facilitating the process of designing and meeting objectives and the course of action, so as to get the response expected from the audience (LaFasto & Larson, 2001). b). Establishing an agenda on how to meet the goals of the group is also very important to the success of group presentation, as the agenda defines the clarity of the group’s goals. Through establishing the agenda, the group is able to narrow down to the areas that are important for the presentation and the expected results. Through the agenda on meeting goals: the leadership guides the actions and the preparations of the group, to ensure that they fall within the range, which counts towards the realization of the goals. Through establishing the agenda, the group gets a sense of direction, givin g preference to areas of priority and areas that should be addressed first. Through the agenda, the group is able to tie down all individual presentations into one whole, to ensure that there is coherence in meeting the set goals. Through establishing the agenda, unifying elements become evident, from the overall scheme and it helps develop the link between the different elements. From doing this, the entire group develops an understanding of the role to be played by each member – towards meeting goals, and that the individual roles blend together to form the desired discussion. Establishing the agenda guides group preparation, helps in giving rehearsals a sense order, and the links between introductions and transitions are established. Through the agenda, reflection is directed towards different aspects of presentation (LaFasto & Larson, 2001). c). Encouraging group members to express their opinions and to ask questions is very important, as the core aim of group work is to promote the development of a range of skills, including communication and interpersonal skills. Through encouraging the members to express their opinions and to ask questions, their input is captured, and their contribution towards the success of the group’s goals is guaranteed. Under ideal conditions, the group’s presentation should incorporate the input and the participation of each member, which can only be guaranteed through incorporating the opinions of the different members and addressing their questions, so that they do not weaken the entire presentation (LaFasto & Larson, 2001). d). Encouraging group members to know one another is somewhat important, as group presentation do not fully rely on the personal interaction existing between members. For instance, multinational congresses feature presentations, where different members of the presentation group have not met, but it is important that the boundaries of their presentation are clearly defined. However, know ing one another is important, as it can help in assigning different roles to members, responsibilities and presentation areas that are favored by the skills they posses. For instance, technical areas of the presentation are better presented by members who have background knowledge in technical concepts. However, the

Difference Between Cost Control and Cost Reduction

Difference Between Cost Control and Cost Reduction Introduction A cost reduction program is a type of method which is to improve profitability of the organization or by expected to get a good result that flow to the bottom line of the financial statement and exempted from any serious damage to the organization itself. As this program is much more about reducing cost or reducing expenses of the organization, so a good cost reduction program is all about how to control the damage of an organization. Furthermore, a cost reduction program is said can be improved the profitability of an organization because by reducing expenses, profits are increased without making others changes. On the other hand, if the cost reduction program can matched with a sales improvement program and perhaps, finally it will get the double profit. A cost reduction program must be a complete plan that is results-oriented. A structured cost reduction program will put the company on track to achieve maximum profitability and achieve the highest performance. Moreover, this program also implies a series of program that retain all of the essential characteristics and quality of the product and thus it must be confined to permanent and genuine savings in the costs of manufacture, administration, distribution and selling, brought about by elimination of wasteful and inessential elements form the design of the product and from the techniques and practices carried out in connection therewith. What is the different between cost control and cost reduction? In fact, cost control also known as cost management or cost containment; it controls the costs of the organization at the given level. Besides, cost control emphasis on ensuring that the cost does not exceed the standard budget of the organization. Businesses use cost control methods to monitor, evaluate, and ultimately enhance the efficiency of specific areas, such as departments, divisions, or product lines, within their operations. However, cost reduction is a power exercise or is an exercise which will out all of the effort to saving cost from whatever level they are. Cost reduction does not have any standard, or anything is accepted as ideal. Every element of cost is scrutinized, every operation is screened and every procedure is analyzed to identify the ways and means of reducing costs. Cost reduction can result in saving the product cost, manufacturing cost s, and life cycle cost. There are two different concepts between cost control and cost reduction. Cost control is achieving the cost target as its objective while cost reduction is directed to explore the possibilities of improving the targets or company profitability. Therefore, cost control will end the exercise when achieved the organization target or objective. While cost reduction is a continuous process and it has no visible end. Furthermore, cost control try to attain the lowest possible cost under existing conditions whereas cost reduction does not recognize any condition as permanent since a change will result in lowering the cost. If the cost control emphasis is on past and present, while the cost reduction emphasis is on the present and future. Besides, cost control is a preventive function whereas cost reduction is a correlative function. It run even when an efficient cost control system exists. The difference between both of it can be summarized as cost control ensuring the costs is in accordance with established standards whereas cost reduction is concerned with try to improve the cost by continuous and without accordance with any of the standard. The main benefits of cost reduction programs are it can enhance profitability and enhance cash flow of the organization. It presents the key elements and factors to consider in program design and implementation. Cost reduction program is also can ensure the results will match with the goals or objective and the values of the organization. It is a widely-acknowledged fact that cost reduction program is one of the most challenging responsibilities or tasks that a company needs to undertake, especially when there are so many ways open to cost-conscious managers. Finally, an integrated tax reduction program can reduce the onerous financial burdens that can stable a companys development and can free up precious capital that can be result to the firms long-term benefit. Literature Reviews/Case Study/Research Findings There are five cases and cost reduction methods in these literature reviews. The methods including Target Costing (TC), Activity-Based Costing (ABC), Just in Time (JIT), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), and Value Engineering (VE). Case study 1 (Target Costing) Definition: Target costing also called product costing method in which an attempt at the planning and development phase of a product life cycle to attain a specified cost that is decided by management. This approach is to seek the lower costs by designing a quality product that reduces costs in the production phase. It can be described as a systematic process of cost management and profit planning. Case study: In 1993, Toyota uses target costing approach to generally reduce costs at the design stage. By using this approach, Toyota sets goals for cost reduction and then tries to achieve these new targets through design changes that will accomplish the cost reduction goal. Toyota was comparing the costs of the new design with the old design in order to guarantee a cost reduction after implementation of the new technique. This is the main idea that Toyota uses to achieve their companywide goals. There are several steps in the sequence of price, production, and cost decisions. First, Toyota decides what the new retail price of the automobile by taking the old price and adding the value of any new functions. The sales division comes up with the suggestion for the production volume by taking past numbers and indexing them to market trends and the state of competitors. Second, Toyota is focus on cost planning. This cost planning is based on the product plan and targets for retail price and also production volume. The purpose of using cost planning by Toyota is for determine the amount by which costs can be reduced through better design of the new model. Toyota establishes a profit target that is subtracted to determine their target cost. These cost planning decisions are made for three years before they release the model. Toyota estimates the approximate costs of a new model by sums of the cost variations of the new model and the old model. This technique is very beneficial to Toyota, because it tends to be less work and provides more accurate results. In addition, it also helps the specific divisions understand the cost fluctuations. Besides that, Toyota removes variable costs both models incur such as wages and indirect costs by using this approach. Meanwhile, they use their decisions on costs that change between the two models in design and production volume. The main point in this case study is to show how cost planning at Toyota is focused on the design phase. Toyota does this by setting goals for cost reductions through design changes. Toyota takes these goals and then assesses them to different divisions to make the necessary changes. Toyota believes that by changing product design to produce lower price to achieve a higher level of profitability. Case Study 2 (Activity-based Costing) Definition: Activity-Based Costing is a costing model that identifies the cost pools, or activity centers, in an organization and assigns costs to products and services (cost drivers) based on the number of events or transactions involved in the process of providing a product or service. The concept of Activity-Based Costing has been considered a sophisticated method of cost calculation since the early 1980s. In addition, Activity-Based Costing (ABC) assigns manufacturing overhead costs to products in a more logical manner than the traditional approach of simply allocating costs on the basis of machine hours. Activity-Based Costing first assigns costs to the activities that are the real cause of the overhead. It then assigns the cost of those activities only to the products that are actually demanding the activities. Case study: Boeing Commercial Airplane Group (BCAG) is the worlds largest manufacturer of commercial airplanes. It comprises approximately 60% of Boeings total revenues. BCAG Wichita is a cost center manufacturing plant producing fuselages, noses, struts, nacelles, and thrust reversers for 737, 747, 757, 767, and 777 airplane models. In May 1999, the plant employed approximately 16,835 employees directly, and was responsible for indirect employment of 53,100 workers within the state of Kansas. As part of its overall drive to gain and retain world-class aerospace manufacturing status, BCAG Wichita is focused on developing a lean, efficient design and production system supported by an effective cost management strategy. The cost management strategy supports initiatives designed to link the manufacturing process and support activities so as to simplify the whole production process, while maximizing benefits from the use of lean business practices. Cost management strategy initiatives include simplifying production, shortening flow and cycle times, increasing quality and inventory turnover, identifying core products and processes, and linking the design and manufacturing process to decrease product time-to-market. Activity-Based Costing links and supports the manufacturing process. It provides information to tailor business streams and material management, costs of activity and processes, value added versus non-value added analysis and profitability analysis used to improve the make versus buy decision-making process. ABC also provides analysis of set-up and run costs, costs of scheduled and unscheduled maintenance, costs of asset failure, and costs of manufacturing capacity, thereby allowing manufact uring managers to manage the assets under their control more effectively. Finally, ABC provides analysis on the costs of design changes in configuration as impacted on the manufacturing floor, costs of incorporating complexity into a configuration design, and the costs of quality. The highest hurdle in achieving this type of cost management architecture lies in moving the corporate financial department from its classic accounting role as scorekeeper or policeman to the role of business partner. In a business partner role, the corporate financial department can support strategic decisions relevant to the companys continued competitive advantage by providing financial data that highlights the impact of these decisions. BCAG Wichita views a successful implementation of ABC as one that fulfills three major roles: Addresses the size, complexity, and diversity of the manufacturing process, Facilitates the integration of financial decision makers into a more supportive business partnership role, and Implements effective cost management strategy initiatives. Case Study 3 (Just in Time) Definition: Just-in-time (JIT) production also known as lean production, it is a pull system of production, means the actual orders provide a signal for when a product should be manufactured. When there is Demand-pull, it enables a company to produce only what is required, with the correct quantity and correct time. These features of Just-in-time production system accomplish close organization among work- stations. Therefore, its objective can be defined as producing the right part in the right place at the right time (in other words, just in time). Case study: From July 1990, top managers of Daioku have begun completing the Kanban production system-moving from the traditional push-type production management to pull-type production management. This type of system produces only quantities necessary to fulfill the demands of the next operation. The quantity is pulled when it is needed, where it is needed, and in the exact quantity which is needed. For instead, since beginning the implementation of Just-In-Time, many difficulties have occurred. The difficulties include: Combining the data and material flows instead of classifying them. Post the products, its store and manufacturing process instead of a flow without any post. Changing from L-shape assembly line into V-shape assembly line. This requires a set of new equipments and techniques. Problems exist between Daioku and supplier (subcontractors), for instance, traditional ways of shipping material based on the pre-determined plan is now being eliminated and every supplier are now required to collect the Kanban back from the order-post and ship their material based on the information in the Kanban. Everyone in the firm required to participate in Just-In-Time. They need to determine how to make the shop floor operations become easier and efficient. Daioku carried out discussions and meetings to find solutions to the problems in the year of 1992. Therefore, Daioku sent their experts to help suppliers to solve their problems gradually. In Daioku, The inventory part was reduced the dramatically in this year. By using Just-In-Time method, the stock levels of raw materials, work in progress, components and finished goods can keep in a minimum. However, this requires a carefully planned scheduling and flow of resources through the production process. Just-in-time method promotes continuous enhances on the products. At the same time, this method can eliminate waste. Waste results from any activity that adds cost without adding value. For example, the unnecessary moving of materials, the accumulation of excess inventory, or the use of faulty production methods that create products requiring subsequent rework. Just-In-Time should enhance the profits and return on investment by reducing inventory levels (rising the inventory turnover rate), reducing variability, improving product quality, reducing production and delivery lead times, and reducing other costs (like those associated with machine setup and equipment breakdown). In conclusion, Just-In-Time production system aims to (1) meet customer demand in a timely manner (2) at the lowest possible total cost and (3) with high-quality products. Case Study 4 (Enterprise Resource Planning) Definition: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is a computerized inventory control and production system that was born from Material Requirements Planning systems (MRP). It is a system that organizes functions of an institution. It assists in account, finance, human resources and e-commerce applications through creation of databases and graphical user interfaces. It unifies the tasks of institutions like corporations, government agencies, non-profit organizations, powerful institutions and industries and businesses establishments. There are some businesses start to compete on a global scale, it is critical to streamline operations and processes in business to reach a higher level of productivity and efficiency in information exchange and supports e-commerce applications, for example supply chain management (SCM) and customer relationship management (CRM). On the other hand, software that comes up with functionality to various systems that will coincide with one another as a whole is required to combine all of the information or operations of a company into a single unit. Central database is one of the most outstanding parts of the ERP system. Case Study: By October 1997, a group of 50 top business executives and 10 senior IT professionals had been congregated to device the SAP project to come up with a set of best practices that would become common work procedures for every Nestlà © division which are manufacturing, purchasing, accounting and sales by adopted new pan-Nestle way. Firstly, in order to implement the technical side, a common structure across the company, the vanilla would be code 1234 in every division. The SAP system customize around the uniform affair procedure. The group decided that they are not to use SAP in supply chain because the ERP supply chain module adopted was brand-new and therefore risky. Furthermore, Manugistics supply chain module followed all the SAP standards and could easily be integrated. Nestlà © implement five SAP modules which are purchasing, financials, sales and distribution, accounts payable and accounts receivable and the Manugistics supply chain module which deployed across every Nestlà © division, by March 1998. Besides that, the purchasing company for confections pursues the identical best practices and information as the purchasing company for beverages. To beat the Y2K deadline, the best project group had overlooked the integration points between the modules. All purchasing departments now used general names and systems, and followed a general process, but their system was not integrated with the financial, planning or sales groups. A salesperson may have given a valuable customer a discount rate and entered it into the new system, however the accounts receivable department wouldnt know about it. Hence, it would appear to the accounts receivable operative as though the invoice were only partially paid as customer paid the discounted rate. The project team had essentially replaced divisional silos with process silos to unify the companys separate brands. The time constraints necessitated by Y2K had put too much pressure on the people in charge of executing the changes. The project team had lost the big picture of how the various components would work together. Hence, the existing modules had to be integrated and the team still needed to roll out another two more SAP modules which are sales and distribution on the domestic side, and accounts receivable as well as a new module for the supply chain. Since Dunn had rejected the SAP supply chain module two years before, therefore, it leads to decision to replace all but a couple of parts of the Manugistics system with APO. The last state of design was completed on April 2001 and giving the project teams a highly detailed road map to follow. One month later, Tom James came on board as director of process change for the Best project with the responsibility as a connection between the divisions and the project team. He was so surprised by the poor relationship between divisions and project team. They conducted surveys that were involved of how the workers affected by the new systems were dealing with the changes and the feedback was the users were not prepared to make process alter. ERP projects are famous and need a long period and a lot of money to done it. Dunn maintains the slow and steady wins the race. Nestlà © United State accomplishes the significant ROI with the greatest bulk of savings from better demand forecasting. The old process included a sales man giving a number to the those men and demand planner do not know what the hell they are talking about then the factory changes the number again. With SAP in place, general databases and business processes lead to more trustworthy demand forecasts for the various Nestlà © products. Furthermore, because all of Nestlà © United State also using the same data then Nestlà © can forecast down to the distribution center level to diminish the inventory and the redistribution expenses that occur when too much of a product is sent to one place and not enough to another. The supply chain improvements accounted for a major chunk of the $325 million has saved from SAP. Case 5 Value Engineering (VE) Definition: Value engineering (VE) is a systematic method to improve the value of goods or products and services by using an examination of function. Value, as defined, is the ratio of function to cost. Value can therefore be increased by either improving the function or reducing the cost. It is a primary tenet of value engineering that basic functions be preserved and not be reduced as a consequence of pursuing value improvements. [1] Value engineering is sometimes taught within the project management or industrial engineering body of knowledge as a technique in which the value of a systems outputs is optimized by crafting a mix of performance (function) and costs. In most cases this practice identifies and removes unnecessary expenditures, thereby increasing the value for the manufacturer and/or their customers. Case Study: This project was for an underground car park beneath a new shopping centre in Three Waters, Madrid. A fully ducted ventilation system was the approved design contained with the Spanish Building Regulations. However, this would be costly to install and would impact on the development programmed. Therefore, the purpose of the simulation was to demonstrate that a non-ducted, mechanical system would also meet the Spanish Building Regulations. The planning requirements often mean extensive car parks to proposed offices, residential and retail developments. The ventilation of these car parks can present a significant cost to the developer in terms of capital expenditure for plant, energy consumption and maintenance, as well as the implications for the programmed if extensive ductwork and plant has to be installed. The use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is most effectively used at early design stage, also can be used as a tool for solving existing problems. The specific objectives of a project can vary considerably. The key objectives of the simulations are normally to ensure that the distribution and concentration of carbon monoxide (CO), is in accordance with Building Regulations. The Building Regulations comprise a number of Approved Documents. These Approved Documents contain design options which if adopted, the scheme is deemed to comply. Applying Value Engineering can identify potential savings in capital, maintenance and energy costs without any adverse effect on performance. Computer simulation is therefore, becoming an essential value engineering design tool. For example, a designer may question why 6 air changes per hour (ACH) should be provided when 4 ACH will accomplish the desired result. The benefits of simulation are that the proposed designs can be tested against the acceptance criteria contained within the Building Regulations before any financial commitment is made. In conclusion, Three Waters using  [i]  of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as a tool for value engineering can significantly benefit new and existing developments by avoiding unnecessary capital expenditure, reducing construction time, and providing reductions in energy consumption, CO2 emissions and maintenance. Analyses/Discussion Cost reduction programs have classified in many types and each type of the program will provides different benefits to the companies. In this part, we are going to give the analysis of the advantages and benefits the types of cost reduction methods which shown below. Finally, analysis of cost reduction will show in the end of this part. Total Quality Management (TQM) TQM is the one of the famous method that uses the focus of quality of management process. This will increase the productivity and efficiency in the business and in the manufacturing process. If the process is used from the beginning during the manufacturing process, there is less likely of chance for incorrectly producing products or devices. Therefore, it would bring the correct product in the end of process in creating less waste in raw materials and less lost hours due to repeating of the process. TQM method is not only will increase the productivity, but it also increases the level of pride in the employees. This is because each employee becomes responsible for a higher level of quality in his or her work. Kaizen Costing (KC) Kaizen costing is the maintenance of present levels for products currently being manufactured via systematic efforts to achieve the desired cost level. In general, it is the process of cost reduction during the manufacturing phase of a product. The word KAI is means modify and change and ZEN means think, make good, and make better. So, in overall, kaizen costing is focuses on continuous and gradual by small betterment activities rather than large or radical improvement made through innovation or large investments in technology. Basically, kaizen costing imply four effects, there are paying attention to the quality and productivity, acquiring little by little kaizen and problem-solving ability, perceiving the work place as their own, and understanding the meaning of kaizen. Kaizen costing meets the goal with the continual and relentless reduction of non-value-added activities and costs, the elimination of waste, and improvements in manufacturing cycle time all contribute to the effort. In additional, kaizen costing has brings the benefit of reduction in production time, reduction in rejection, energy saving, and improved quality. Value Engineering (VE)/Value Analysis(VA) Value engineering (VE) or value analysis (VA) is a process of systematic review that is applied to existing product designs in order to compare the function of the product required by a customer to meet their requirements at the lowest cost consistent with the specified performance and reliability needed. The key focus of the value engineering is the management of functionality to yield value to the customer. For instance, not that long ago, consumers of electric kettles were offered a variety different types of metal-based boiling device. The value of a kettle is derived through heating water and therefore its functionality can be determined as temperature, capacity, reliability, safety, and else. With the same functionality of the boiling water, designers would probably look towards a kettle which made of plastic. Plastic has the same functionality as metal in terms of containing and boiling water. However the switch from metal to plastic does not impair this value and functionality with the customers. This is because the customers just want to boil water, but it gives result in a cost saving for the manufacturing company. The benefits of effective VE process can be summed up including speed of getting an effective design into the market without problems and through error-free manufacturing and assembly processes, reliability and durability of the product in the market which enhances the reputation of the product and the company, low overall cost which enhances product margin and also releases finances within the business as well as allowing the ability to engage in price competition, enhanced quality and compliance with minimal costs of warranty that allows a company to differentiate its products based this perceived quality of use and esteem, and finally the value engineering process satisfies the primary goal of any business which is to make a profit and survive. Activity Based Costing (ABC) Activity-Based Costing method is a tool which could bring about significant improvement in the quality of overhead cost allocation. The ABC process is able to incorporate both physical measures and causal principles in the costing system. The basic idea of ABC is to allocate costs to operations through the various activities in place that can be measured by cost drivers. In other words, cost units are assigned to individual activities, such as planning, packing, and quality control using a resource cost driver at an initial stage with the costs of these activities being allocated to specific products or cost objects in a second phase of allocation via an activity cost driver. The advantages are providing insight into the fastest- growing and least visible element of cost-overhead, improving profitability by monitoring total life-cycle cost and performance. It also improves the effectiveness of budgeting by identifying the cost or performance relationship of difference service level. It encourages continuous improvement and total quality control because planning and control are directed at process level. At last, is facilitating elimination of waste by providing visibility of non-value added activities and improving make or buy, estimating, and pricing decisions that are based on product cost that mirrors the manufacturing process. As a result, ABC can support managers to see how to maximize shareholder value and improve corporate performance. Enterprise Resource Planning ERP can be describes to integrate all departments and functions across a company onto a single computer system that can serve all those different departments particular needs. Hence, it is extremely important to know how to use effectively Enterprise Resource Planning for a success implementation. In order for Enterprise Resource Planning system to succeed, it must be capable of successfully integrating manufacturing with the other processes of a company. Besides that, Enterprise Resource Planning is not the cure to all the problems a business will face. A number of advantages and disadvantages exists to this technology, and those who know this will be the most likely to succeed. By the implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning, it comes up with a number of advantages that helps to solve a number of problems that have plagued large organizations in the past and used to integrate the many processes of a company or organization. Scalability is also an advantage, like Enterprise Resource Planning also helps to improve the production levels and to control costs more efficiently, and this enabled us to control the whole enterprise more efficiently. As a result, Enterprise Resource Planning is no longer just a competitive advantage in this globalized world. It is very important requirement for every enterprise. To truly be effective, it may be necessary to combine the benefits of Enterprise Resource Planning with those of Customer Relationship Management (CRM). Just in Time (JIT) Just in Time is a set of techniques to improve the return of investment of a business by reducing in-process inventory and its associated costs. In addition, the process is driven by a series of signals, or Kanban that tell production processes to make the next part. Just In time causes dramatic improvements in a manufacturing organization`s return on investment, quality, and efficiency. For an example, Toyota Motor Thailand had implement Just In time methods during the crisis on July 1, 1997. Toyota Motor showed a strong commitment to uniting with whole workforce as well as suppliers and dealers to ride out the crisis. This commitment was shared with the labor union, and the entire company together with the Toyota Group implemented through measures to make operations more leaner, utilizing the resulting excess labor to implement improvement initiatives as well as additional education of employees and suppliers. Based on the concept of just in time, energy was supplied to each process when it was needed and in just the right amount; personal wastebaskets were reduced to one quarter of their original size to encourage less paper usage; and localization was promoted by expanding local procurement to Tier 2 and Tier suppliers. Meanwhile, Toyota Motor Thailand also directed energy into the education and training employees. As a result of these efforts, without having dis missed a single full-time employee, inventories were cleared in January 1998 and production began to rise again. In 2004, Toyota Motor Thailand produced 273980 vehicles. Toyota Motor Thailand paved the way for the strides forward it is making today. There are several examples of advantages of JIT. Both inventory and the cost of holding it go down as the inventory-reorder quantity and the maximum inventory level drop. However, because inventory requires incurring an ordering or setup orders that mu

Essay --

Sexual harassment is another subject of interpersonal communication that occurs in the workplace. Although sexual harassment violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and as amended by the Civil Rights Act of 1991, it is still a reality in all places of employment which is why it is something that everyone should have the ability to identify, understand, and effectively respond to. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission defines sexual harassment as follows: Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment when this conduct explicitly or implicitly affects an individual's employment, unreasonably interferes with an individual's work performance, or creates an intimidating, hostile, and offensive work environment. Sexual harassment can take place between any two individuals: any gender to any gender, any business, school, place of social, religious, and political organization, authority to subordinate, subordinate to authority.The DeVito text separates this definiti...